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In the United States a Social Security Number (SSN) is considered the
standard identifier and is used by many government and private
institutions. Each SSN is a unique identifier assigned to only one
individual. When that individual dies their SSN is not reassigned, but
rather, is used to administer benefits to their dependents and
survivors, and becomes part of the Social Security Death Index.
The nine-digit SSN is
composed of three parts
1 2 3 - 4 5 -
6 7 8 9
-
The first set of three
digits is called the Area Number
-
The second set of two
digits is called the Group Number
-
The final set of four
digits is the Serial Number
Area Number
The Area Number is assigned
by the geographical region. Prior to 1972, cards were issued in local
Social Security offices around the country and the Area Number
represented the State in which the card was issued. This did not
necessarily have to be the State where the applicant lived, since a
person could apply for their card in any Social Security office. Since
1972, when SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from
Baltimore, the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in
the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social
Security card. The applicant's mailing address does not have to be the
same as their place of residence. Thus, the Area Number does not
necessarily represent the State of residence of the applicant, either
prior to 1972 or since.
Generally, numbers were
assigned beginning in the northeast and moving westward. So people on
the east coast have the lowest numbers and those on the west coast have
the highest numbers.
Note. One should not
make too much of the "geographical code." It is not meant to be any kind
of useable geographical information. The numbering scheme was designed
in 1936 (before computers) to make it easier for SSA to store the
applications in Social Security Administration files in Baltimore since
the files were organized by regions as well as alphabetically. It was
really just a bookkeeping device for Social Security Administration
internal use and was never intended to be anything more than that.
Group Number
Within each area, the group number (middle two (2) digits) range from 01
to 99 but are not assigned in consecutive order. For administrative
reasons, group numbers issued first consist of the ODD numbers from 01
through 09 and then EVEN numbers from 10 through 98, within each area
number allocated to a State. After all numbers in group 98 of a
particular area have been issued, the EVEN Groups 02 through 08 are
used, followed by ODD Groups 11 through 99.
Here is a summary of how
Group Numbers are assigned:
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ODD, 01 to 09 (01,
03, ... 09)
-
EVEN, 10 to 98 (10,
12, ... 98)
-
EVEN, 02 to 08 (02,
04, ... 08)
-
ODD, 11 to 99 (11,
13, ... 99)
Check the latest Social
Security Number
Monthly Issuance Table for the highest group
number assigned for each SSN Area.
Group Number Myth
Apparently due to the fact that the middle digits of the SSN are
referred to as the "group number," some people have misconstrued this to
mean that the "group number" refers to racial groupings. So a myth goes
around from time-to-time that encoded in a person's SSN is a key to
their race. This simply is not true.
As should be clear from the
explanation of the SSN numbering scheme, the "group number" refers only
to the numerical groups 01-99. For filing purposes, the "area numbers"
are broken down into these numerical subgroups. So, for example, for
area numbers starting with 527 there would be 98 subgroups, one for
every number starting with 527-01, and one for every number starting
with 527-02, and so on. This was done back in 1936 because in that era
there were no computers and all the records were stored in filing
cabinets. The early program administrators needed some way to organize
the filing cabinets into sub-groups, to make them more manageable, and
this is the scheme they came up with.
So the "group number" has
nothing whatever to do with race.
Serial Number
Serial numbers (last four (4)
digits) are assigned consecutively from 0001 through 9999 within each
area and group number as the applications are processed. Serial number
"0000" is never used. Before 1965, when number assignment was
transferred from field offices to the central office, serial numbers may
have been assigned in a strange order. (Some sources claim that 2000 and
7000 series numbers were assigned out of order. That no longer seems to
be the case.) Currently, the serial numbers are assigned in strictly
increasing order with each area and group combination. |